Causes are not well understood and probably multi-factorial
Higher risk of occurrence in those:
• With high arch or flat feet
• Who are male (especially those aged 40-70 who are active) - possibly due to greater weight /speed/impact
• Wearing badly fitting footwear - especially with insufficient arch support
• With rigidity in feet
• Having an improper gait / poor biomechanics
• Running / dancing on their toes - E.g. ballerinas, dancers, long-distance or downhill runners
• Regularly running on hard, irregular, or soft (Eg. sand) surfaces
• Who have gained weight or who are obese
• With occupations requiring prolonged weight-bearing
• With leg-length discrepancy
• With weakened / atrophied muscles - The elderly, those with peripheral motor neuropathy (E.g. a possible symptom of diabetes)
Athletic injury of the foot typically from running or sports involving intensive overuse of the feet without sufficient acclimating build-up. Usually occurs over time resulting from repetitive trauma, possibly from running on hard, soft or irregular surfaces, steep inclines; especially affects those having a high arch
Turning sole inward or outward
