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Antioxidants - Fighters against free radical damage
CoQ10 - Super Antioxidant
CoQ10 -"Spark and dampener"
Coenzyme Q10 is a vitamin-like nutrient performing two roles vital to
our well-being:
(1) A "Spark" In its essential
role in the production of cellular energy. CoQ10 is a relatively large,
worm-shaped quinone molecule, called UBIQUINONE because it was found to be
ubiquitous (i.e. everywhere)in the body. It was discovered
by Fred Crane, Phd. in 1957 in his quest to find the "Missing link" in the
mitochondrial energy-producing process.
(2)
A "Dampener" as a powerful
antioxidant in the mitochondria
(cells' energy
production factories) and cell
membranes. CoQ10 is the only
fat-soluble antioxidant synthesized by the body, but production diminishes
significantly with age. For some, CoQ10 levels within the
heart and kidneys have dropped more than 25% by age 40.
There are two forms of CoQ10:
(1)
Ubiquinone - The OXIDIZED form of CoQ10
Ubiquinone is converted to ubiquinol.
Whether produced in the body, obtained
from wholesome, unprocessed foods or supplemented, the body must then convert
ubiquinone to ubiquinol.
(2)
Ubiquinol - The REDUCED/ACTIVE form of CoQ10
In order to
have electrons to donate to
free radicals,
antioxidants must be in their reduced form. Ubiquinol
(reduced form) is also present in certain foods.
The body's ability to convert ubiquinone
(oxidized form of CoQ10)
into the necessary active ubiquinol (reduced form ofCoQ10) decreases with age and/or with oxidative
stress. Under the age of 25, the body is quite capable of converting
CoQ10 from its oxidized form to its reduced form;
They look different too. If you were to break open capsules of the two
supplement forms, you would see that ubiquinone (the oxidized form of
CoQ10) is a bright yellow
crystallized powder, and that the ubiquinol (active form) is a much paler
whitish yellow.
What does CoQ10 do in your body?
"The Spark"
CoQ10 is the fundamental ingredient for energy production in every cell
CoQ10 IGNITES the spark for energy production in the cell mitochondria
(the energy production "factories"inside our cells). CoQ10 shuttles electrons (extracted from food) back and
forth between enzymes in the cell mitochondria in the process of making ATP
molecules (the cells energy "currency").
Without adequate amounts of CoQ10, the heart does
not have enough energy to pump the blood efficiently. The heart has the highest concentration
of CoQ10. It has been
reported that death can occur if the CoQ10 level in the heart decreases below
75% of normal.
In more detail: CoQ10 is a crucial component
of the electron transport chain (respiratory chain) in the mitochondria
where energy derived by a process called oxidative phosphorylation from the
products of fatty acid, protein and carbohydrate metabolism is converted into
biological energy called adenosine triphosphate (ATP) that drives cellular
machinery and all biosynthetic processes. CoQ10 functions as an essential
cofactor for the activities of the enzyme systems called complexes I, II and III
in the electron transport chain. It shuttles electrons from complex I
(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase) and Complex II (succinate
dehydrogenase) to complex III (ubiquinone-cytochrome c reductase) by virtue of
its redox (reduction-oxidation) properties. It is during this process of
electron transfer along the electron transport chain that vital biological
energy as ATP is generated.
"The Dampener"
CoQ10 is one of the "Super Antioxidants"
Of hundreds of antioxidants,
there is a select group of networking antioxidants
that are particularly effective
at slowing the aging process and boosting the body's ability to fight disease:
CoQ10, Glutathione and Lipoic Acid -can be made by the body,
but levels decrease with age, and their deficiency is responsible for most
premature deaths.
Vitamin C
and Vitamin E. Must be obtained from food or supplements,
since we can not make them.
CoQ10
"snuffs out" damaging free radicals produced in the mitochondrial energy-producing
process and other systems in the body, and also from sources outside the body.
As
such, this fat-soluble antioxidant helps protect vital structures from free
radical damage.
Most important is COQ10's
antioxidant protection inside the mitochondria. CoQ10 is a broad spectrum
AO protecting not just arteries, but also
brain, liver, muscles, nerves and other systems.
CoQ10
is a primary AO
protector of LDL cholesterol. CoQ10 prevents cholesterol from becoming
oxidized, a cause of
arterial plaque build-up leading to arterial blockage.
CoQ10
helps maintain membrane stability
CoQ10
regenerates Vitamin C
and E. CoQ10 also partners with
vitamin C to keep
vitamin E under control, preventing it from
becoming unstable.
Boosts energy/stamina. Provides the "spark" for your body's cells to produce energy; Can
improve athletic performance;
Powerful Fat-soluble Antioxidant.
Most diseases involve inflammation as a consequence of oxidative
damage; the active form of CoQ10 (called
ubiquinol) prevents an inflammatory reaction by protecting against free radical
damage in fats (e.g. cholesterol, polyunsaturated oils) or fatty areas (E.g. all cell membranes are composed of fatty acids, the brain is 2/3 fat, the
protective myelin sheath covering communicating neurons is 70% fat).
Cardiovascular diseasesand wrinkled
skin resulting fromUV oxidation are
well-known examples of oxidative stress, but also, oxidation in the brain is
implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's, ALS, M.S.,
Huntington's, Alzheimer's and cerebral palsy.
Supports cardiovascular health.
Promotes healthy circulation, efficient cardiac function, protects
LDL cholesterol from oxidation (the forerunner to atherosclerosis) and helps
maintain normal blood pressure; a healthy blood supply also supports brain
function.
Reduces signs of aging. You feel more alert, responsive and energetic. Antioxidant ability
prevents and reduces wrinkles in the skin;
Supports immune and nervous systems.
Your brain is very active and requires
a constant energy supply. CoQ10 provides immune system with a vital free radical
defense E.g. in allergies;
Supports body's ability to control blood sugar
Anti-mutagenic. Preliminary studies show
CoQ10 to be anti-mutagenic (cancer cells develop through mutagenesis)
Protects the liver when using certain medications.
CoQ10 activates genes in nuclear DNA to turn back the cellular clock
According to Australian Anthony Linnane's latest
research.
CoQ10 sends a chemical messenger to the nucleus to "switch on" certain strategic
genes and fortify already degraded cellular systems (e.g. from the aging
process).
Weakened cells regain strength helping those with
conditions from cancer to chronic fatigue to heart disease.
CoQ10 Makes Muscles Younger. Linnane tested
muscle tissue from patients supplementing 300mg daily CoQ10 for 1 month
compared to those taking placebo. He found that the CoQ10 group muscle produced
a dramatic change toward a more youthful profile. The muscle fiber change meant
that CoQ10 had modulated hundreds of genes relevant to muscle biochemistry.
How is CoQ10 distributed in the tissues?
CoQ10 is present in all tissues in our body
In Blood
It is associated with lipoproteins
In circulation, 90% of CoQ10 is present in its
reduced form(as ubiquinol). The ratio of oxidized to the reduced
form in blood may serve as a measure of in vivo oxidative stress. Yamashita S,
Yamamoto Y. Simultaneous detection of ubiquinol and ubiquinone in human plasma
as a marker of oxidative stress. Anal Biochem. 1997
Recent studies have shown that the level of
circulating ubiquinol (CoQ10-H2)
tends to
decline in certain disease conditions. E.g. diabetes, liver
disease, down syndrome, etc. with the result that the ratio of circulating
Ubiquinol to total CoQ10 goes down. LIM S.C., et al.,
2006; Hasegawa, et al.2005; Yamamoto Y, et al., 1999
Concentrations vary from tissue to tissue, but CoQ10 is more concentrated in
areas
with high rates of metabolic activity and
high energy demands
In the heart +++
The heart has the highest CoQ10 concentration.
Followed by the liver, kidneys, spleen and
pancreas
The oxidized vs.
reduced forms of CoQ10 (i.e. ubiquinone vs. ubiquinol)
also varies from tissue
to tissue. Those with high
aerobic activity generally contain higher amounts of ubiquinone (the
oxidized form);
Heart muscle is packed
with mitochondria (~¼ the volume of heart cells). Heart
expands/contracts 100,000 times/day requiring lots of energy and therefore needs
lots of CoQ10.
Every cell makes CoQ10, so why are many deficient in it?
Age
It is believed that as many as 75% of men and
women over age 50 are deficient in CoQ10
The body's natural ability
to produce CoQ10 decreases by up to 80% with age. Starting around 25 years and accelerating after 40;
As we age the body is less
able to convert CoQ10 to its active form (ubiquinol).
The average diet supplies only a small amount of CoQ10
and is also deficient in its cofactor vitamins
Only small amounts of CoQ10 can be extracted from
food. The best sources
are organ meats (heart, kidney, liver - i.e. tissues with high energy demands);
other good sources are meat, fish/shellfish (especially mackerel, salmon,
sardines), peanuts, soybean, palm, olive, corn, sunflower and peanut oils,
broccoli and spinach. However, a typical diet does not provide enough to
maintain optimal CoQ10 levels. E.g. You would have to eat 1# of sardines, 2# of
beef, or 2 ½# of peanuts to obtain the equivalent of a 30mg supplement, about
enough to maintain health, but nowhere enough for therapeutic benefit against
disease.
Weber C et al.
The coenzyme Q10 content of the average Danish diet.
Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1997
It takes certain nutrients to make CoQ10.
Deficiency in these essential components can adversely affect the production of
adequate amounts of CoQ10:
Amino acid TYROSINE (Non-essential)
Tyrosine is found in many high protein food
products. E.g. soy products, chicken,
turkey, fish, peanuts, almonds, avocados, bananas, milk, cheese, yogurt, cottage
cheese, lima beans, pumpkin seeds, and sesame seeds.
Tyrosine can also be synthesized in the body from
phenylalanine (rich food sources of this
essential amino acid are curds, milk, cottage cheese, pulses and legumes,
poultry, piyal seeds (Indian), peanuts, pistachios, almonds, leafy vegetables,
and whole grains).
At least seven vitamins -B2, B3, B6, folic acid, B12, C, pantothenic
acid and certain trace minerals, such as selenium. In particular, dietary B6 (pyridoxine) is notably low in the
elderly and those eating a refined / processed food diet.
Emotional Stress
Emotional stress depletes body's CoQ10.
Emotional stress increasing oxidative stress in the
body, which creates oxidants (E.g.
free radicals). The body's CoQ10
supply is depleted when used to neutralize these oxidants.
Cholesterol lowering drugs
Cholesterol lowering drugs greatly reduce
the body's ability to produce CoQ10. This
is because the metabolic pathway that produces cholesterol also produces CoQ10.
Anyone taking statin drugs should be taking supplementary CoQ10.
Beta-Blockers
Beta-Blockers decrease endogenous serum CoQ10
levels. By inhibiting CoQ10-dependent enzymes.
Fuke C et al, 2000
Overactive Thyroid
Overactive Thyroid depletes CoQ10.
By increasing thyroid hormone, metabolism is accelerated,
which depletes the CoQ10 supply. Symptoms
of hyperthyroidism include anxiety, bulging eyes, irregular/fast heart rhythm,
irritability, muscle weakness, and weight loss.
The heart is usually the first casualty.
Extreme physical exertion
Although moderate exercise stimulates the body's
production of CoQ10, exhaustive, prolonged exercise depletes CoQ10 by using it
up as fuel to support increased activity. Those at risk are weekend warriors and performance athletes.
Potential health benefits of CoQ10
Adequate CoQ10 maintains good health and
prevents / reduces the risk
for numerous chronic degenerative and metabolic diseases
Supported by a large body of data, the following health problems are associated with CoQ10 deficiency, where CoQ10 supplementation has
been found to be beneficial:
Cardiovascular disease
(CVD)
CoQ10 has an important role as an antioxidantin
maintaining cardiovascular health by protecting LDL from oxidation.
Mohr D et al, 1992; Alleva R et al, 1997
Congestive heart
failure / Heart failure (heart unable to pump /distrubute enough blood
to body). Substantial evidence
supports the therapeutic role of CoQ10 supplementation in heart failure by increasing cellular energy production.
Soja AM, Mortensen SA, 1997
Cardiomyopathy
Angina pectoris
Arrhythmias
Mitral valve prolapse
Hypertension. COQ10 may be all that is needed in mild
cases. 46 male and 37 female hypertensive patients (mean age ~70) received
120mg/day CoQ10 in a study by the Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center
in Boise, Idaho. Systolic blood pressure was reduced by an average of 17.8 mmHg. Burke et al, 2001.
Similar results were obtained by Australian researchers with a daily dose of 200
mg CoQ10 in 74 hypertensive diabetics. Hodgson JM et al, 2002
Atherosclerosis
Cardiotoxicity
(drug-induced)
Other references related to CoQ10's beneficial
role in various conditions related to the heart and the cardiovascular system.
Litarru GP, 1995; Sinatra ST, 1998; Overvad et al, 1999; Greenberg & Frishman,
1990; Langsjoen HA et al, 1994; Langsjoen PH, Langsjoen AM. , 1999.
Neurodegenerative Diseases
CoQ10 has a recognized beneficial role in any
neurodegenerative disease characterized by impaired mitochondrial function
and/or excessive oxidative damage. Beal MF., 2002; Beal
MF.2003; Beal MF. 2004;
Brain cells that suffer continued oxidative stress will
eventually die. Oxidative
stress causes inflammation, and CoQ10 is a player in reducing the inflammatory
marker
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) in animals.
Wang XL et al, 2004
High dose CoQ10 supplementation has been found protective against neuronal
toxins in animal models, particularly in Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases, and also ALS. Also,
note that sufficient CoQ10 supports a healthy blood flow from the heart, which
provides needed nutrients for the brain.
Huntington's Disease.
Beal MF, 2001; Ferrante RJ et al, 2002
Parkinson's Disease. Recent
clinical trials in these disorders demonstrate that supplemental CoQ10 can slow
functional decline. In a large, multi-center study, 80 subjects with early
Parkinsons were administered CoQ10 doses of 300, 600 or 1200 mg per day and
followed for 16 months. Those who received CoQ10 experienced less disability
than those who received the placebo, and the benefit was greatest in those who
received the highest dosage.These
results were confirmed by scientists in Germany giving 360mg doses for 4
weeks to 28 Parkinson's patients. Shultz CW et al, 2002; Shultz
CW,2003.
Including melanoma and topical cosmetic use. Hojerova J, , 2000; Rusciani L et al,
2006; Hoppe U et al, 2002
Diabetes
CoQ10 supplementation has been reported to reduce insulin requirements in
diabetes mellitus -
Australian researchers reported a reduction of HbA1c (an indicator of blood
sugar control) in a large group of hypertensive diabetics who received a daily
CoQ10 dosage of 200 mg per day. Hodgson JM, 2002
Healthy individuals have more than a 90% ubiquinol ratio in their plasma,
whereas individuals with Type 2 Diabetes have as little as 25% - This decrease
correlates to lower energy levels.
Blood Glucose(mmol/l)
<=5.5
(n=60)
5.6 -6.9
(n=63)
>=7.0
(n=69)
Ubiquinol Ratio (%) Male
93±6
43±25
24±11
Lim, S. C., et al. Abstract of 2005 American Diabetes Association
Cancer
Two dramatic case studies published in 1994
confirm CoQ10's role in reducing/removing cancer tumors
A 59-year-old woman who
had intraductal carcinoma (cancer) of the left
breast, which resolved completely on a daily dose of 390 mg CoQ10
A second patient, after
breast surgery, was found to have residual intraductal carcinoma in the tumor
bed - She refused additional surgery, and
was placed on 300 mg CoQ10 per day. Over a year later, there was no evidence of
residual tumor or metastases. Despite practicing oncology for 35 years, over
which he had treated about 200 cases of breast cancer per year, one of the
authors commented that he had never seen such a spontaneous complete regression
of a 1.5-2.0 cm breast tumor on any conventional anti-tumor therapy. Lockwood K et al, 1994
A more recent study indicated that breast cancer
is associated with a decrease of plasma CoQ10 levels - and the
worse the cancer, the greater the decrease in CoQ10.
Joliet P et al, 1998
Renal failure
COQ10 improves renal function. Dr.
Ram B. Singh of the Heart Research Laboratory and Center for Nutrition in
Moradabad, India, reported on a new indication for CoQ10 therapy, in a patient
with acute glomerulonephritis, renal failure and high levels of lipid peroxides.
He administered 180 mg per day of CoQ10, with a resultant lowering of lipid
peroxides and significant improvement in renal function. Singh RB and Singh MM, 1999 In a follow-up study of 11 patients with chronic renal failure (serum creatinine
levels were 5 mg/dL or above) who were on intermittent dialysis, Dr. Singh again
administered CoQ10 at a dosage of 180 mg per day. After 4 weeks of treatment,
the patients experienced significant reductions in serum creatinine and blood
urea and significant increases in creatinine clearance and urine output, and
fewer subjects required dialysis. Singh,
R.B. et al, 2000
Periodontal disease
CoQ10 is dramatically effective in treating periodontal disease
-
a common malady of aging. In an early study 8 patients received
CoQ10 at 25 mg. twice a day, versus a placebo group. Results showed a reduction
in pocket depth with photographic evidence of improved gingival health. Wilkinson, E.G. et al, 1976.
In a more recent study, CoQ10 was used topically with significant improvement.
Hanioka T et al, 1994
Other health problems helped by CoQ10
Chronic fatigue syndrome
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Asthma
Migraine
Immune Disorders
Male Infertility
HIV/AIDS
Mitochondrial Cytopathies(E.g.
MELAS, MERRF, etc)
MELAS, MERRF,
etc.
Ataxias
Supplementing with CoQ10
CoQ10 supplementation is beneficial for the over 40's and those of any age with depleted CoQ10 levels
There is no RDA or DV for CoQ10 - Since it is produced in all body
cells, CoQ10 is not
considered essential. However, like
some other nutrients (e.g. taurine, carnitine and choline), it could be called
"conditionally essential" because its endogenous production may not be able to
keep up with the body's demand. In such situations supplemental CoQ10 is
indicated.
Both the production of CoQ10 and its conversion
to ubiquinol begin to decline more rapidly around our 40's and 50's;
CoQ10 provides a
boost for those of any age with substantially lower CoQ10 levels.
Many
are deficient in it.
You can boost your own body's
CoQ10 production with B6 supplementation. 100 mg Vitamin B6 / day.
Always supplement CoQ10 when taking statins
Replenishes CoQ10 depleted when taking a
cholesterol-lowering statin drug or beta-blockers
Ubiquinol (not ubiquinone) is the best form of supplemental CoQ10
Ubquinol is the already converted, active form of
CoQ10. To obtain benefit from CoQ10 for production of cellular energy
and reduction of signs of aging, your body must first convert ubiquinone (the
educed storage form of CoQ10) to its active form ubiquinol. By the age of 40 the
body has become much less efficient at converting ubiquinone to ubiquinol, and
so it is better to directly supplement with ubiquinol.
Ubiquinol remains in your blood stream much
longer than ubiquinone. Ernster and Dallner, 1995
The bioavailability of ubiquinol has been
shown to be higher than that of ubiquinone in both animal and human studies.
Miles MV et al, Bioequivalence of
coenzyme Q10 from over the counter supplements. Nutr Res 2002; Zaghloul A-a et
al. Bioavailability assessment of oral coenzyme Q10 formulations in dogs. Drug
develop Ind Pharm 2002.
In a recent trial with human subjects, the
superior bioavailability profile of ubiquinol was clearly demonstrated. Hosoe
et al, 2007
The plasma of a healthy human has more than 90%
of CoQ10 as ubiquinol
After a decade of research and development, "Kaneka Nutrients" recently
created the first stabilized, bio-identical supplemental form of Ubiquinol
(called Kaneka QH™).
Through a biological process that ferments natural CoQ10.
Ubiquinol achieves higher elevations of circulating CoQ10 in the bloodstream
with a much smaller dose than when using a ubiquinone CoQ10 supplement.
No adverse effects in studies.
Kaneka Q10 has been tested in dozens of
safety studies up to clinical doses of 3,000 mgs per day, showing no adverse
effects.
Daily dose of ubiquinol
Serious health conditions require greater
CoQ10 doses. Accumulating
research indicates that the higher the dosage the greater the benefit and that
the only limiting factor on the CoQ10 dosage is the cost, which is not cheap.
Healthy person 20-30.
Shouldn't need to supplement CoQ10 at all, unless they are particularly active
or have a condition causing lowered CoQ10 levels - in which case, they can take
ubiquinone, since their body can convert it efficiently to ubiquinol;
Healthy person 30-40.
50mg
Healthy person in 40's and 50's
(To prevent heart attack). 100mg
60's and older / Tired / Taking a
statin drug. 100-200mg
Very sick. Typically
200-300 mg split into 2 or 3 doses; Some examples of amounts used in studies: 390 mg dose used in breast
cancer study, 1200 mg dose in
Parkinsons disease;
Works better when taken with a meal.
Even better if the meal contains
fat in which to dissolve the CoQ10, and so provide better absorption.
How is the status of CoQ10 assessed?
In humans, plasma or serum CoQ10 concentrations
will serve as a good indicator of status. The best way to assay CoQ10 by HPLC (high pressure liquid
chromatography) by UV or electrochemical detection.
Plasma CoQ10 may not
always reflect tissue status. Localized
deficiencies of CoQ10 may exist such as in the skeletal muscle or myocardial
tissue whilst plasma concentrations may show "normal" values. If biopsy material
is available, tissue CoQ10 analysis can yield more useful information.
Steele et al, 2004
How are the body's CoQ10 levels affected by CoQ10 supplementation?
Normal serum / plasma CoQ10 concentrations.
In healthy
people, usually range from 0.5 - 1.0 µg per mL. Total body CoQ10 is estimated at
1.5-2g.
After oral CoQ10 supplementation.
Plasma / serum concentrations reach a maximum after ~6 hours. The time to
deplete to half-maximum concentration is ~34 hours. Shults et
al, 2004
The Kaneka Dosing Study of Kaneka QH ™
The study measured
total CoQ10 concentration in human plasma for various dosage levels: Total plasma
COQ10 concentration results were as follows: Placebo (n=19),
90mg/day (n=20), 150mg/day (n=20), 300mg/day (n=19)
Began around 0.5 μg/ml for all participants and increased in a dose
dependent manner;
Reached over 7 μg/ml at a dose of 300mg/day (~2.5 μg/ml at 90mg
dose and ~3.5μg/ml at 150 mg dose)
Reached a plateau after about 2 weeks intake for all
doses
Returned to base levels ~12 days after supplementation was stopped
CoQ10 in skin care
Mix ubiquinol into cream/lotion at 0.5% concentration.
After first dissolving it in a small amount of oil for
a smooth texture to your finished product.
Alleva R et al, Oxidation of LDL and their subfractions: kinetic aspects and
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Ferrante RJ et al,Therapeutic effects of coenzyme Q10 and remacemide in
transgenic mouse models of Huntington's disease. J Neurosci 2002
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complete regression of breast cancer in patients in relation to dosage of CoQ10.
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