Chart of Human Hormones |
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* Catecholamine (CAT) - Adrenal "Fight
or Flight"hormones released in response to stress; Part of
the sympathetic nervous system.
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Structure
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Hormone
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Abbr.
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Source
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Effect
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A
M
I
N
E
S
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Tryptophan
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MELATONIN
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Pineal gland
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Antioxidant / causes drowsiness
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SEROTONIN
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5-HT
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CNS, GI Tract
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Controls mood, appetite, sleep
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Tyrosine
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Thyroxine
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T4
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Thyroid gland
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Weak thyroid hormone (TH) form;
▲ BMR and sensitivity to catecholamines (CATs);
affects protein synthesis
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Triiodothyronine
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T3
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Thyroid gland
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Potent TH form;
▲ BMR and sensitivity to CATs; affects protein synthesis
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Tyrosine CATs*
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EPINEPHRINE (ADRENALINE)
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Adrenal medulla
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"Fight or flight"response;
▲ Oxygen /Glucose
supply to brain/muscles (▲ heart rate, stroke volume, vasodilation, breakdown
of liver's
glycogen &
FAT cell lipids); Dilates pupils; suppresses non-emergency systems (E.g digestion,
immune system)
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NOREPINEPHRINE
(NORADRENALINE)
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Adrenal medulla
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"Fight or flight" response;
▲ oxygen
/glucose
supply to brain/muscles (▲ heart rate, stroke volume, vasoconstriction,
blood pressure, breakdown of fat cell lipids);
▲ Skeletal muscle readiness
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DOPAMINE
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Kidney, hypothalamus
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▲ Heart rate, blood pressure Inhibit release of PROLACTIN &
TRH
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Histidine
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HISTAMINE
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Stomach
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▲ Stimulate gastric acid secretion
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P
O
L
Y
P
E
P
T
I
D
E
S
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Antimullerian hormone
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Testes
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Inhibit release of PROLACTIN &
TRH
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Adiponectin |
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Adipose
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ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN HORMONE
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ACTH
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Anterior pituitary
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Synthesis of glucocorticoids and weak
androgens in adrenal cortex
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ANGIOTENSINOGEN / ANGIOTENSIN
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AGT
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Liver
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Vasoconstriction /Release ALDOSTERONE from adrenal cortex
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Antidiuretic hormone (aka Vasopressin)
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ADH
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Posterior pituitary
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Water retention in kidneys.
/Moderate vasoconstriction /Release ACTH
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Atrial-Natriuretic peptide |
ANP
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Heart
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Brain Natriuretic peptide
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Heart
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(Minor to ANP) Reduces blood pressure (by reducing ▼
systemic vascular resistance, blood water, sodium and fats)
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CALCITONIN
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Thyroid gland
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Construct bone / Reduce blood Ca2+
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CHOLECYSTOKININ
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CCK
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Duodenum
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Release pancreatic enzymes /Release bile from gallbladder /
Hunger suppressant
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CORTICOTROPIN -RELEASING HORMONE
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CRH
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Hypothalamus
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Release ACTH from anterior pituitary
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ENDOTHELIN
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Endothelium, stomach
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▲ Increase blood pressure
(by constricting blood vessels)
▲ Stimulates gastric
acid secretion
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ENKEPHALIN
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Kidneys
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Regulates pain
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ERYTHROPOIETIN
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Kidney
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Stimulate erythrocyte production
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FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE
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FSH
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Anterior pituitary
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Female: stimulates maturation of
ovarian Graafian follicles
Male: spermatogenesis /Enhances sex hormone binding globulin
(SHBG) production by teste's Sertoli cells
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GASTRIN
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Stomach, duodenum
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Gastric acid secretion by parietal cells
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GHRELIN
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Stomach
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Stimulate appetite / GH secretion from anterior pituitary gland
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GLUCAGON
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Pancreas
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Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver ▲ Blood glucose
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GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE
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GnRH
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Hypothalamus
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FSH and LH release from anterior pituitary
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GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING HORMONE
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GHRH
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Hypothalamus
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GH release from anterior pituiatary
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HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN
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HcG
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Placenta
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Maintain corpus luteum
in early pregnancy /Inhibit immune response to embryo
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HUMAN PLACENTAL LACTOGEN
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HPL
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Placenta
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Decreases maternal INSULIN
sensitivity to keep mother's blood glucose available for
baby
▲ INSULIN + IGF-1 production
▲ INSULIN Resistance (IR) & carbohydrate intolerance
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P
O
L
Y
P
E
P
T
I
D
E
S
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GROWTH HORMONE
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GH or hGH
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Anterior pituitary
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a.k.a. HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE (hGH); Stimulate growth & cell
reproduction
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INHIBIN
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Testes,
ovaries, fetus
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Inhibit FSH production
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INSULIN
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Pancreas
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Inhibits GLUCAGON release /Promotes uptake of
glucose in liver, muscle, &
fat cells from blood, stored as
glycogen
in liver and muscle / Glycogenesis & glycolysis in liver /Lipid intake and TG synthesis in adipocytes
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INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR
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IGF
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Liver
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INSULIN-like
effects / Regulate cell growth & development
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LEPTIN
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Adipose tissue
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▼ Appetite ▲ Metabolism
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LIPOTROPIN
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Anterior pituitary
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Lipolysis, steroidogenesis; Stimulates melanin production by melanocytes
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LUTEINIZING HORMONE
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LH
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Anterior pituitary
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Female:
ovulation.
Male: Stimulate Lehdig
cell TESTOSTERONE
production
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MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE
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MSH
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Anterior pituitary, pars intermedia
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De novo melanin production by melanocytes in skin and hair
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NEUROPEPTIDE Y
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NP Y
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Stomach
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Production: ▲ Increased by food intake ▼ Reduced by physical activity
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OREXIN
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Hypothalamus
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Wakefulness ▲ Energy expenditure ▲ Appetite
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OXYTOCIN
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Posterior pituitary
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Release breast milk; Contraction of cervix/vagina Involved in: orgasm, trust between people, circadian homeostasis
(body temp., activity level, wakefulness)
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PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE
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Pancreas
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- Self
regulates pancreatic exocrine and endocrine secretion;
- Effects
hepatic glycogen
levels
- Effects
GI secretions
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PARATHYROIID HORMONE
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PTH
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Parathyroid gland
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Opposes CALCITONIN
▲ Blood Ca2+/indirectly stim.
osteoclasts
- Ca2+ reabsorption in kidney
Activate
vitamin D
▼ (Slightly) blood phosphate: ▼
reuptake in kidney
▲
uptake from bones |
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PROLACTIN
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PRL
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Anterior pituitary, Uterus
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▲ Milk production in mammary glands Sexual gratification after sexual acts
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PROLACTIN-RELEASING HORMONE
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PRH
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Hypothalamus
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Releases PROLACTIN
from anterior pituitary
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RELAXIN
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Uterus
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Unclear in humans
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RENIN
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Kidneys
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Activates
renin-angiotensin system (produces ANGIOTENSIN I from ANGIOTENSINOGEN)
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SECRETIN
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Duodenum
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▲ Secretion of bicarbonate: from liver, pancreas,
duodenal Brunner's glands
▲ Effects of CHOLECYSTOKININ
▼ (stops) Gastric juice production
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SOMATOSTATIN
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Hypothalamus, Islets of Langerhans, GI system
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▼ Inhibit release of pituitary GH and TRH
▼ Suppress release of: GASTRIN, CCK, SECRETIN, MOTILIN,
VIP, GIP, ENTEROGLUCAGON in GI system
▼ Lowers gastric emptying rate
▼ Reduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow within
the intestine
▼ Inhibit pancreatic release of
INSULIN
and GLUCAGON
▼ Suppress pancreatic exocrine secretion.
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THROMBOPOIETIN
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Liver, kidneys, striated muscle
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Produce platelets
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THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE (aka THYROTROPIN)
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TSH
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Anterior pituitary
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▲ Thyroid gland secretion of T4 and T3
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THYROTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE
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TRH
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Hypothalamus
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▲ Releases TSH
▲ Stimulates PRL release
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S
T
E
R
O
I
D
S
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Gluco-corticoid
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CORTISOL
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Adrenal cortex
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Anti-inflammatory / Immunosuppressive
▲ Stimulate gluconeogenesis
▼ Inhibit glucose
uptake in muscle/fat cells
▲ Mobilize amino acids from extrahepatic tissues
▲ Stimulate fat breakdown in adipose tissue
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Mineralo-corticoid
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ALDOSTERONE
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Adrenal cortex
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Increase blood volume (reabsorbs sodium in kidneys) Potassium and H+ secretion in kidney
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S
E
X
S
T
E
R
O
I
D
S
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A
n
d
r
o
g
e
n
s
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TESTOSTERONE
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Testes
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Libido/ Anabolic (Energy building):
▲ muscle mass/strength , bone density, growth
Virilzing: sex organ maturation /scrotum formation, deep voice,
male-pattern hair growth
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Dehydro-epiandrosterone
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DHEA
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Testes, ovaries,
kidneys
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Virilization, anabolic
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ANDROSTENEDIONE
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ANDRO
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Adrenal glands, gonads
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Substrate for Estrogen
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DIHYDRO-TESTOSTERONE
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DHT
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Multiple
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S
T
E
R
O
I
D
S
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S
E
X
S
T
E
R
O
I
D
S
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E
s
t
r
o
g
e
n
s
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ESTRADIOL
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E2
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Ovaries, testes
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Females:Structural:
Maintain blood vessels/skin
▲ Formation of female secondary
sex characteristics
▲ Height growth
▲ Metabolism (fat-burning)
▲ Endometrial / uterine growth
▲ Bone formation
▼ Muscle mass
▼ Bone resorption (increases bone formation)
Protein synthesis:
Production of hepatic binding proteins
Coagulation:
▲ Circulating levels
of factors 2, 7, 9, 10, anithrombin III, plasminogen;
▲ Platelet adhesiveness
Fats:▲ HDL, TGs ▲ LDL, fat deposition
Fluid balance:
▲ Salt (Na)
/ water retention
Hormones:
▲ GH, CORTISOL, SHBG
GI tract:
▲ Bowel motility
▲
Cholesterol in bile
Melanin:
▲ Pheomelanin
▼ Eumelanin
Cancer:
Promotes hormone-sensitive cancers
LUNG FUNCTION:
▲ Supports alveoli.
Males:
Prevent apoptosis of germ cells
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ESTRONE
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E1
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Ovaries
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S
E
X
S
T
E
R
O
I
D
S
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ESTRIOL
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E3
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Placenta
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P
r
o
g
e
s
t
a
g
e
n
s
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PROGESTERONE
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Ovaries,
pregnant placenta,
Adrenal glands
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Support pregnancy:
Convert
endometrium to secretory stage;
Make
cervical mucus permeable to sperm;
▼ Inhibit immune response to embryo
▼ Uterine smooth muscle contractility
▼ Lactation
▼ Onset of labor
▲ Fetal production
of adrenal mineralo- and glucosteroids
Other:
▲ Epidermal growth
factor-1 - has a vital role in the production of collagen,
elastin, and hyaluronic acid for epithelial / epidermal growth
▲ Core temperature
during ovulation
▼ Spasm
▼ Gallbladder activity
Relax
smooth muscle (widen bronchi/regulate mucus)
Anti-inflammatory
Normalize:
blood clotting /vascular tone, zinc and copper levels, cell oxygen levels,
and use of fat stores for energy.
Assist
thyroid function
Support
bone growth (supports osteoblasts), teeth, gums, joints, tendon, ligament,
skin (heals by regulating collagen);
Help
nerve function / healing by regulating myelin
Prevent
reproductive organ cancers by regulating effects of
estrogen
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Sterols
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CALCITRIOL (1,25 dihydroxyvitamin
D3)
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Skin, proximal tubule of kidneys
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Active form of vitamin D
▲ Calcium and phosphate absorption from GI tract and kidneys
▼ Inhibit release of PTH
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CALCIDIOL (25-hydroxyvitamin
D3)
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Skin, proximal tubule of kidneys
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Inactive form of
vitamin D
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