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Chart of Human Hormones

Chart of Human Hormones
 * Catecholamine (CAT) - Adrenal "Fight or Flight"hormones released in response to stress; Part of the sympathetic nervous system.  

Structure

Hormone

Abbr.

Source

Effect

A

M

I

N

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S

Tryptophan MELATONIN Pineal gland Antioxidant / causes drowsiness
SEROTONIN 5-HT CNS, GI Tract Controls mood, appetite, sleep
Tyrosine Thyroxine T4 Thyroid gland Weak thyroid hormone (TH) form;
▲  BMR and sensitivity to catecholamines (CATs); affects protein synthesis
Triiodothyronine T3 Thyroid gland Potent TH form;
▲  BMR and sensitivity to CATs; affects protein synthesis
Tyrosine CATs*   EPINEPHRINE  (ADRENALINE) Adrenal medulla "Fight or flight"response;
▲  Oxygen /Glucose supply to brain/muscles (▲  heart rate, stroke volume, vasodilation, breakdown of liver's glycogen & FAT cell lipids); Dilates pupils; suppresses non-emergency systems (E.g digestion, immune system)
NOREPINEPHRINE (NORADRENALINE) Adrenal medulla "Fight or flight" response;
▲  oxygen /glucose supply to brain/muscles (▲  heart rate, stroke volume, vasoconstriction, blood pressure, breakdown of fat cell lipids);
▲  Skeletal muscle readiness
DOPAMINE Kidney, hypothalamus ▲  Heart rate, blood pressure Inhibit release of PROLACTIN & TRH
Histidine HISTAMINE Stomach ▲  Stimulate gastric acid secretion

P

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Y

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Antimullerian hormone Testes Inhibit release of PROLACTIN & TRH
Adiponectin Adipose
ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN HORMONE ACTH Anterior pituitary Synthesis of glucocorticoids and weak androgens in adrenal cortex
ANGIOTENSINOGEN / ANGIOTENSIN AGT Liver Vasoconstriction /Release ALDOSTERONE from adrenal cortex
Antidiuretic hormone (aka Vasopressin) ADH Posterior pituitary Water retention in kidneys.
/Moderate vasoconstriction /Release ACTH
Atrial-Natriuretic peptide ANP Heart
Brain Natriuretic peptide Heart (Minor to ANP) Reduces blood pressure (by reducing ▼ systemic vascular resistance, blood water, sodium and fats)
CALCITONIN Thyroid gland Construct bone / Reduce blood Ca2+
CHOLECYSTOKININ CCK Duodenum Release pancreatic enzymes /Release bile from gallbladder / Hunger suppressant
CORTICOTROPIN -RELEASING HORMONE CRH Hypothalamus Release ACTH from anterior pituitary
ENDOTHELIN Endothelium, stomach ▲  Increase blood pressure (by constricting blood vessels)
▲  Stimulates gastric acid secretion
ENKEPHALIN Kidneys Regulates pain
ERYTHROPOIETIN Kidney Stimulate erythrocyte production
FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE FSH Anterior pituitary Female: stimulates maturation of ovarian Graafian follicles
Male: spermatogenesis /Enhances sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) production by teste's Sertoli cells
GASTRIN Stomach, duodenum Gastric acid secretion by parietal cells
GHRELIN Stomach Stimulate appetite / GH secretion from anterior pituitary gland
GLUCAGON Pancreas Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver ▲  Blood glucose
GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE GnRH Hypothalamus FSH and LH release from anterior pituitary
GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING HORMONE GHRH Hypothalamus GH release from anterior pituiatary
HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN HcG Placenta Maintain corpus luteum in early pregnancy /Inhibit immune response to embryo
HUMAN PLACENTAL LACTOGEN HPL Placenta Decreases maternal INSULIN sensitivity to keep mother's blood glucose available for baby ▲  INSULIN + IGF-1 production ▲  INSULIN Resistance (IR) & carbohydrate intolerance

P

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Y

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 GROWTH HORMONE GH or hGH Anterior pituitary a.k.a. HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE (hGH); Stimulate growth & cell reproduction
INHIBIN Testes, ovaries, fetus Inhibit FSH production
INSULIN Pancreas Inhibits GLUCAGON release /Promotes uptake of glucose in liver, muscle, & fat cells from blood, stored as glycogen in liver and muscle / Glycogenesis & glycolysis in liver /Lipid intake and TG synthesis in adipocytes
INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR IGF Liver INSULIN-like effects / Regulate cell growth & development
LEPTIN Adipose tissue ▼ Appetite ▲  Metabolism
LIPOTROPIN Anterior pituitary Lipolysis, steroidogenesis; Stimulates melanin production by melanocytes
LUTEINIZING HORMONE LH Anterior pituitary Female: ovulation.       Male: Stimulate Lehdig cell TESTOSTERONE production
MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE MSH Anterior pituitary, pars intermedia De novo melanin production by melanocytes in skin and hair
NEUROPEPTIDE Y NP Y Stomach Production: ▲  Increased by food intake ▼ Reduced by physical activity
OREXIN Hypothalamus Wakefulness ▲  Energy expenditure ▲  Appetite
OXYTOCIN Posterior pituitary Release breast milk; Contraction of cervix/vagina Involved in: orgasm, trust between people, circadian homeostasis (body temp., activity level, wakefulness)
PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE Pancreas -   Self regulates pancreatic exocrine and endocrine secretion; -   Effects hepatic glycogen levels -   Effects GI secretions
PARATHYROIID HORMONE PTH Parathyroid gland Opposes CALCITONIN
▲  Blood Ca2+/indirectly stim. osteoclasts -   Ca2+ reabsorption in kidney
 Activate vitamin D 
▼ (Slightly) blood phosphate:   ▼ reuptake in kidney  ▲  uptake from bones
PROLACTIN PRL Anterior pituitary, Uterus ▲  Milk production in mammary glands Sexual gratification after sexual acts
PROLACTIN-RELEASING HORMONE PRH Hypothalamus Releases PROLACTIN from anterior pituitary
RELAXIN Uterus Unclear in humans
RENIN Kidneys Activates renin-angiotensin system (produces ANGIOTENSIN I from ANGIOTENSINOGEN)
SECRETIN Duodenum ▲  Secretion of bicarbonate: from liver, pancreas, duodenal Brunner's glands
▲  Effects of CHOLECYSTOKININ
▼ (stops) Gastric juice production
SOMATOSTATIN Hypothalamus, Islets of Langerhans, GI system ▼ Inhibit release of pituitary GH and TRH
▼ Suppress release of: GASTRIN, CCK, SECRETIN, MOTILIN, VIP, GIP, ENTEROGLUCAGON in GI system
▼ Lowers gastric emptying rate
▼ Reduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow within the intestine
▼ Inhibit pancreatic release of INSULIN and GLUCAGON
▼ Suppress pancreatic exocrine secretion.
THROMBOPOIETIN Liver, kidneys, striated muscle Produce platelets
THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE (aka THYROTROPIN) TSH Anterior pituitary ▲  Thyroid gland secretion of T4 and T3
THYROTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE TRH Hypothalamus ▲  Releases TSH
▲  Stimulates PRL release

S

T

E

R

O

I

D

S

Gluco-corticoid CORTISOL Adrenal cortex Anti-inflammatory / Immunosuppressive
▲  Stimulate gluconeogenesis
▼ Inhibit glucose uptake in muscle/fat cells
▲  Mobilize amino acids from extrahepatic tissues
▲  Stimulate fat breakdown in adipose tissue
Mineralo-corticoid ALDOSTERONE Adrenal cortex Increase blood volume (reabsorbs sodium in kidneys) Potassium and H+ secretion in kidney

S

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X

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A

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TESTOSTERONE Testes

Libido/ Anabolic (Energy building):

▲  muscle mass/strength , bone density, growth Virilzing: sex organ maturation /scrotum formation, deep voice, male-pattern hair growth
Dehydro-epiandrosterone DHEA Testes, ovaries, kidneys Virilization, anabolic
ANDROSTENEDIONE ANDRO Adrenal glands, gonads Substrate for Estrogen
DIHYDRO-TESTOSTERONE DHT Multiple

S

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ESTRADIOL E2 Ovaries, testes Females:

Structural:

     Maintain blood vessels/skin
▲  Formation of female secondary sex characteristics
▲  Height growth
▲  Metabolism (fat-burning)
▲  Endometrial / uterine growth
▲  Bone formation
▼ Muscle mass
▼ Bone resorption (increases bone formation)

 

Protein synthesis:

Production of hepatic binding proteins

 

Coagulation:

▲ Circulating levels of factors 2, 7, 9, 10, anithrombin III, plasminogen;
▲ Platelet adhesiveness

Fats:

▲  HDL, TGs   ▲  LDL, fat deposition

Fluid balance:

▲  Salt (Na) / water retention

Hormones: 

▲  GH, CORTISOL, SHBG

 

GI tract:

▲  Bowel motility
▲  Cholesterol in bile

 

Melanin:

▲  Pheomelanin ▼ Eumelanin

Cancer:

Promotes hormone-sensitive cancers

LUNG FUNCTION:

▲  Supports alveoli.

Males: Prevent apoptosis of germ cells
ESTRONE E1 Ovaries

S

E

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ESTRIOL E3 Placenta

P

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PROGESTERONE   Ovaries,
 pregnant placenta,
  Adrenal glands

Support pregnancy:

Convert endometrium to secretory stage;
Make cervical mucus permeable to sperm;
▼ Inhibit immune response to embryo
▼ Uterine smooth muscle contractility
▼ Lactation
▼ Onset of labor
▲ Fetal production of adrenal mineralo- and glucosteroids

 

Other:

▲ Epidermal growth factor-1 - has a vital role in the production of collagen, elastin, and hyaluronic acid for epithelial / epidermal growth
▲ Core temperature during ovulation
▼ Spasm
▼ Gallbladder activity
 Relax smooth muscle (widen bronchi/regulate mucus)
 Anti-inflammatory
 Normalize: blood clotting /vascular tone, zinc and copper levels, cell oxygen levels, and use of fat stores for energy.
 Assist thyroid function
 Support bone growth (supports osteoblasts), teeth, gums, joints, tendon, ligament, skin (heals by regulating collagen);
 Help nerve function / healing by regulating myelin
 Prevent reproductive organ cancers by regulating effects of estrogen
Sterols CALCITRIOL (1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3) Skin, proximal tubule of kidneys Active form of vitamin D
▲ Calcium and phosphate absorption from GI tract and kidneys
▼ Inhibit release of PTH
CALCIDIOL (25-hydroxyvitamin D3) Skin, proximal tubule of kidneys Inactive form of vitamin D

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