HORMONES
Chart of Human Hormones |
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* Catecholamine (CAT) - Adrenal “Fight or Flight”hormones released in response to stress; Part of the sympathetic nervous system. | ||||||||
Structure |
Hormone |
Abbr. |
Source |
Effect |
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A M I N E S
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Trypto-phan |
MELATONIN |
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Pineal gland |
Antioxidant / causes drowsiness |
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SEROTONIN |
5-HT |
CNS, GI Tract |
Controls mood, appetite, sleep |
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Tyrosine |
THYROXINE |
T4 |
Thyroid gland |
Weak thyroid hormone (TH) form; ▲ BMR and sensitivity to catecholamines (CATs); affects protein synthesis |
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TRIIODOTHYRONINE |
T3 |
Thyroid gland |
Potent TH form; ▲ BMR and sensitivity to CATs; affects protein synthesis |
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Tyrosine CATs*
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EPINEPHRINE (ADRENALINE) |
Adrenal medulla |
“Fight or flight”response; ▲ Oxygen /Glucose supply to brain/muscles (▲ heart rate, stroke volume, vasodilation, breakdown of liver's glycogen & FAT cell lipids); Dilates pupils; suppresses non-emergency systems (E.g digestion, immune system) |
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NOREPINEPHRINE (NORADRENALINE) |
Adrenal medulla |
“Fight or flight” response; ▲ oxygen /glucose supply to brain/muscles (▲ heart rate, stroke volume, vasoconstriction, blood pressure, breakdown of fat cell lipids); ▲ Skeletal muscle readiness |
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DOPAMINE |
Kidney, hypothalamus |
▲ Heart rate, blood pressure Inhibit release of PROLACTIN & TRH |
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Histidine |
HISTAMINE |
Stomach |
▲ Stimulate gastric acid secretion |
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P O L Y P E P T I D E S |
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ANTIMULLERIAN HORMONE |
Testes |
Inhibit release of PROLACTIN & TRH |
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ADIPONECTIN |
Adipose |
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ADRENOCORTICO-TROPIN HORMONE |
ACTH |
Anterior pituitary |
Synthesis of glucocorticoids and weak androgens in adrenal cortex |
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ANGIOTENSINOGEN / ANGIOTENSIN |
AGT |
Liver |
Vasoconstriction /Release ALDOSTERONE from adrenal cortex |
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ANTIDIURETICHORMONE (aka VASOPRESSIN) |
ADH |
Posterior pituitary |
Water retention in kidneys. |
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ATRIAL-NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE |
ANP |
Heart |
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BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE |
Heart |
(Minor to ANP) Reduces blood pressure (by reducing ▼ systemic vascular resistance, blood water, sodium and fats) |
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CALCITONIN |
Thyroid gland |
Construct bone / Reduce blood Ca2+ |
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CHOLECYSTOKININ |
CCK |
Duodenum |
Release pancreatic enzymes /Release bile from gallbladder / Hunger suppressant |
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CORTICOTROPIN -RELEASING HORMONE |
CRH |
Hypothalamus |
Release ACTH from anterior pituitary |
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ENDOTHELIN |
Endothelium, stomach |
▲ Increase blood pressure (by constricting blood vessels) ▲ Stimulates gastric acid secretion |
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ENKEPHALIN |
Kidneys |
Regulates pain |
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ERYTHROPOIETIN |
Kidney |
Stimulate erythrocyte production |
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FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE |
FSH |
Anterior pituitary |
Female: stimulates maturation of ovarian Graafian follicles Male: spermatogenesis /Enhances sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) production by teste's Sertoli cells |
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GASTRIN |
Stomach, duodenum |
Gastric acid secretion by parietal cells |
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GHRELIN |
Stomach |
Stimulate appetite / GH secretion from anterior pituitary gland |
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GLUCAGON |
Pancreas |
Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver ▲ Blood glucose |
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GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE |
GnRH |
Hypothalamus |
FSH and LH release from anterior pituitary |
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GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING HORMONE |
GHRH |
Hypothalamus |
GH release from anterior pituiatary |
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HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN |
HcG |
Placenta |
Maintain corpus luteum in early pregnancy /Inhibit immune response to embryo |
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HUMAN PLACENTAL LACTOGEN |
HPL |
Placenta
|
Decreases maternal INSULIN sensitivity to keep mother's blood glucose available for baby ▲ INSULIN + IGF-1 production ▲ INSULIN Resistance (IR) & carbohydrate intolerance |
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P O L Y P E P T I D E S |
GROWTH HORMONE |
GH or hGH |
Anterior pituitary |
a.k.a. HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE (hGH); Stimulate growth & cell reproduction |
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INHIBIN |
Testes, ovaries, fetus |
Inhibit FSH production |
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INSULIN |
Pancreas |
Inhibits GLUCAGON release /Promotes uptake of glucose in liver, muscle, & fat cells from blood, stored as glycogen in liver and muscle / Glycogenesis & glycolysis in liver /Lipid intake and TG synthesis in adipocytes |
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INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR |
IGF |
Liver |
INSULIN-like effects. /Regulate cell growth & development |
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LEPTIN |
Adipose tissue |
▼ Appetite ▲ Metabolism |
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LIPOTROPIN |
Anterior pituitary |
Lipolysis, steroidogenesis; Stimulates melanin production by melanocytes |
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LUTEINIZING HORMONE |
LH |
Anterior pituitary |
Female: ovulation. Male: Stimulate Lehdig cell TESTOSTERONE production |
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MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE |
MSH |
Anterior pituitary, pars intermedia |
De novo melanin production by melanocytes in skin and hair |
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NEUROPEPTIDE Y |
NP Y |
Stomach |
Production: ▲ Increased by food intake ▼ Reduced by physical activity |
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OREXIN |
Hypothalamus |
Wakefulness ▲ Energy expenditure ▲ Appetite |
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OXYTOCIN |
Posterior pituitary |
Release breast milk; Contraction of cervix/vagina Involved in: orgasm, trust between people, circadian homeostasis (body temp., activity level, wakefulness) |
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PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE |
Pancreas |
- Self regulates pancreatic exocrine and endocrine secretion; - Effects hepatic glycogen levels - Effects GI secretions |
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PARATHYROIID HORMONE |
PTH |
Parathyroid gland |
Opposes CALCITONIN ▲ Blood Ca2+/indirectly stim. osteoclasts - Ca2+ reabsorption in kidney - Activate vitamin D ▼ (Slightly) blood phosphate: - ▼ reuptake in kidney - ▲
uptake from bones - Activate vitamin D |
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PROLACTIN |
PRL |
Anterior pituitary, Uterus |
▲ Milk production in mammary glands Sexual gratification after sexual acts |
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PROLACTIN-RELEASING HORMONE |
PRH |
Hypothalamus |
Releases PROLACTIN from anterior pituitary |
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RELAXIN |
Uterus |
Unclear in humans |
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RENIN |
Kidneys |
- Activates renin-angiotensin system (produces ANGIOTENSIN I from ANGIOTENSINOGEN) |
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SECRETIN |
Duodenum |
▲ Secretion of bicarbonate: from liver, pancreas, duodenal Brunner's glands ▲ Effects of CHOLECYSTOKININ ▼ (stops) Gastric juice production |
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SOMATOSTATIN |
Hypothalamus, Islets of Langerhans, GI system |
▼ Inhibit release of pituitary GH and TRH ▼ Suppress release of: GASTRIN, CCK, SECRETIN, MOTILIN,
VIP, GIP, ENTEROGLUCAGON in GI system ▼ Reduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow within the intestine ▼ Inhibit pancreatic release of INSULIN and GLUCAGON ▼ Suppress pancreatic exocrine secretion. |
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THROMBOPOIETIN |
Liver, kidneys, striated muscle |
Produce platelets |
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THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE (aka THYROTROPIN) |
TSH |
Anterior pituitary |
▲ Thyroid gland secretion of T4 and T3 |
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THYROTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE |
TRH |
Hypothalamus |
▲ Releases TSH ▲ Stimulates PRL release |
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S T E R O I D S |
Gluco-corticoid |
CORTISOL |
Adrenal cortex |
Anti-inflammatory / Immunosuppressive ▲ Stimulate gluconeogenesis ▼ Inhibit glucose uptake in muscle/fat cells ▲ Mobilize amino acids from extrahepatic tissues ▲ Stimulate fat breakdown in adipose tissue |
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Mineralo-corticoid |
ALDOSTERONE |
Adrenal cortex |
Increase blood volume (reabsorbs sodium in kidneys) Potassium and H+ secretion in kidney |
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S E X S T E R O I D S |
A n d r o g e n s
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TESTOSTERONE |
Testes |
Libido/ Anabolic (Energy building): ▲ muscle mass/strength , bone density, growth Virilzing: sex organ maturation /scrotum formation, deep voice, male-pattern hair growth |
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Dehydro-epiandrosterone |
DHEA |
Testes, ovaries, kidneys |
Virilization, anabolic |
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ANDROSTENEDIONE |
ANDRO |
Adrenal glands, gonads |
Substrate for Estrogen |
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DIHYDRO-TESTOSTERONE |
DHT |
Multiple |
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S T E R O I D S |
S E X S T E R O I D S |
E s t r o g e n s
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ESTRADIOL |
E2 |
Ovaries, testes |
Females: Structural: - Maintain blood vessels/skin ▲ Formation of female secondary sex characteristics ▲ Height growth ▲ Metabolism (fat-burning) ▲ Endometrial / uterine growth ▲ Bone formation ▼ Muscle mass ▼ Bone resorption (increases bone formation) Protein synthesis: - Production of hepatic binding proteins Coagulation: ▲ Circulating levels of factors 2, 7, 9, 10, anithrombin III, plasminogen; ▲ Platelet adhesiveness Fats: ▲ HDL, TGs ▲ LDL, fat deposition Fluid balance: ▲ Salt (Na) / water retention Hormones:▲ GH, CORTISOL, SHBG GI tract: ▲ Bowel motility ▲ Cholesterol in bile Melanin: ▲ Pheomelanin ▼ Eumelanin Cancer: Promotes hormone-sensitive cancers Lung function: ▲ Supports alveoli. Males: Prevent apoptosis of germ cells |
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ESTRONE |
E1 |
Ovaries |
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S E X S T E R O I D S |
ESTRIOL |
E3 |
Placenta |
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P r o g e s t a g e n s |
PROGESTERONE |
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Ovaries, pregnant placenta, Adrenal glands |
Support pregnancy: - Convert endometrium to secretory stage; - Make cervical mucus permeable to sperm; ▼ Inhibit immune response to embryo ▼ Uterine smooth muscle contractility ▼ Lactation ▼ Onset of labor ▲ Fetal production of adrenal mineralo- and glucosteroids Other: ▲ Epidermal growth factor-1 - has a vital role in the production of collagen, elastin, and hyaluronic acid for epithelial / epidermal growth ▲ Core temperature during ovulation ▼ Spasm ▼ Gallbladder activity - Relax smooth muscle (widen bronchi/regulate mucus) - Anti-inflammatory - Normalize: blood clotting /vascular tone, zinc and copper levels, cell oxygen levels, and use of fat stores for energy. - Assist thyroid function - Support bone growth (supports osteoblasts), teeth, gums, joints, tendon, ligament, skin (heals by regulating collagen); - Help nerve function / healing by regulating myelin - Prevent reproductive organ cancers by regulating effects of estrogen |
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Sterols |
CALCITRIOL (1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3) |
Skin, proximal tubule of kidneys |
Active form of vitamin D ▲ Calcium and phosphate absorption from GI tract and kidneys ▼Inhibit release of PTH |
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CALCIDIOL (25-hydroxyvitamin D3) |
Skin, proximal tubule of kidneys |
Inactive form of vitamin D |
Chronic low-level inflammation (CLII) involved in almost all health problems
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